Only 17 of 177 central bank heads around the world are women. Female economists surveyed by CNNMoney would like to see Janet Yellen become number 18 . (Scroll to bottom of story for all 17 names)
NEW YORK (CNNMoney)
Last week, we sent a questionnaire to 100 female economists in academia and the private sector, several who have worked with Larry Summers and Yellen in the past. We asked them to choose: Which of these two top contenders is their preferred candidate for Federal Reserve chair?
Also, will gender have anything to do with the decision? A woman has never led the Federal Reserve, and worldwide, only 17 of 177 central bank leaders are women, according to the Central Bank Directory.
In order to encourage candid responses, we also gave the economists the option to remain anonymous.
Of the 45 economists who responded to our survey, 38 said Yellen should get the job, and one wrote-in that she would like former Fed chair Paul Volcker to return to the post. The remaining six participants declined to make a recommendation, with some noting they felt both Yellen and Summers were qualified for the job.
However, not one economist threw their full support behind Summers alone.
"Yellen is the most qualified candidate. If she doesn't become Fed chair it will be, in part, because she is a woman," said one respondent. "I don't think it would be because of overt discrimination. Rather, there is more subtle bias -- she is not a friend of the decision makers; a woman who is not aggressive is perceived as weak, whereas a man who is not aggressive is perceived as a thoughtful consensus builder."
Yellen, 66, currently serves as vice-chair of the Federal Reserve Board, and previously served as president of the San Francisco Fed. She has a Ph.D in economics from Yale and vast academic experience at the University of California, Berkeley. Plus, she served a two-year stint as the chairwoman of President Clinton's Council of Economic Advisers,
But she is not as well connected to the White House as Summers, who was Treasury Secretary under President Clinton and also the head of President Obama's National Economic Council. Several economists we surveyed perceived this as a big hurdle for Yellen.
Related: Fed's Yellen wants return to 'prudent risk-taking'
Summers, 58, has his Ph.D. from Harvard. In addition to having Treasury Secretary on his resume, he is also well-known for being president of Harvard University (did you see "The Social Network?") and as one of the architects behind President Obama's 2009 stimulus package.
Of the 38 economists who said Yellen should get the job, 10 said they thought President Obama would nominate Summers.
"The old boys will make the call, and I think they will pick their insider," one survey participant said.
But many of the economists we surveyed stressed that Yellen is the better candidate because she has more relevant monetary policy experience.
Whereas Summers spent most of his career focused on fiscal policy, Yellen was number-two in command, as the Fed launched unprecedented policies to stimulate the economy. She has also led the Fed's recent efforts to increase its transparency.
Yellen is largely known as a Fed "dove," meaning she favors keeping interest rates low as a way to stimulate the economy and promote job growth. Fed watchers generally expect that she would continue Bernanke's policies, and therefore, she represents continuity for the Fed.
"Yellen is a qualified monetary economist with significant experience within the Fed system. Her appointment is less likely to rock markets in the transition period," said one survey participant.
Summers' position on monetary policy is not quite as well known, but he has recently made critical comments about the Fed's bond-buying program, known as quantitative easing.
FORTUNE: Investors who love QE should fear Larry Summers
Respondents also said they thought Yellen would be a better consensus-builder within the Fed, whereas a few expressed concerns about Summers' tendency to "put his foot in his mouth" and "poor reputation for not being a team player."
"Summers is likely to be the brightest person in whatever room he finds himself, but that does not mean he would be a good Fed chairman," one said.
We also asked a few questions about gender, since it has been such a hot-button issue.
The responses were strong. Most said the focus on gender wasn't fair to Yellen, whose credentials should stand on their own.
"Gender is not a valid part of the conversation, and it's sort of embarrassing that there is so much focus on it rather than on the substantial differences between Yellen and Summers," said Jodi Beggs, a lecturer at Northeastern University and blogger behind Economists Do It With Models.
Catherine Mann, professor of global finance at Brandeis University, agreed that gender should not play a role in the decision. She thinks Yellen is a better candidate for the job than Summers because of her research-focused background.
Other respondents criticized the media for even mentioning the gender issue.
"Media coverage of this in recent days has substantially raised my blood pressure. Please, write about this responsibly!" one said, adding "when a woman DOES rise to near the top of the profession and is considered for a high-level position, there will be a contingent that immediately begins to claim she is only in the top pool because she is a woman. This is exactly what is happening now to Dr. Yellen."
Related: Fed dissenter Esther George argues for tapering QE3
But the focus on Yellen's gender is part of a bigger issue. Women are greatly outnumbered by men in the field of economics.
Only about a third of new economics Ph.Ds are women, according to the American Economic Association, but the disparity starts even earlier, in undergraduate education. In the top 100 universities, there are 2.5 male economics majors per female econ major, notes Claudia Goldin, Harvard economist and president of the American Economic Association.
"If women are poorly represented in economics in the labor market it is largely because they do not major in the field," she said. "You can't easily make a Shakespeare expert or a gene splicer into an economist."
But if Janet Yellen becomes the most powerful central banker in the world, perhaps more young women will decide to pursue a career in economics?
Earlier this year, I asked Yellen about why more women aren't rising in the field, to which she replied:
"At the highest levels of central banking, there are very few women," she said. "But I am pleased that the representation of women is increasing a lot at other levels... I really think this is something that's going to increase over time, and it's time for that to happen." 
First Published: August 4, 2013: 5:08 PM ET
